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memory stored control

  • 1 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

  • 2 управление при помощи программы хранимой в памяти

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > управление при помощи программы хранимой в памяти

  • 3 программное управление с использованием запоминающего устройства

    Astronautics: memory stored control

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > программное управление с использованием запоминающего устройства

  • 4 управление при помощи программы, хранимой в памяти

    Information technology: memory stored control

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > управление при помощи программы, хранимой в памяти

  • 5 устройство


    device
    (агрегат, приспособление)
    - автоматического поиска записи программы (магнитофона) — automatic program locate device (apld)
    - автоматическое навигационное — automatic navigation device the dr computer is a part of the automatic navigation device.
    - автоматическое навигационное(ану) — dead reckoning computer, dr computer (dr cmptr)
    входные параметры: путевая скорость, угол сноса и карты, ивс, скорость и направление ветра для определения места ла. — in its traditional form the dr computer uses the ground and airspeed data, drift angle, wind speed and direction.
    - автономное (автоматическое) навигационное (ану) — dead-reckoning computer, dr computer
    - автостабилизирующее (вертолета) — automatic stabilization installation
    - алфавитно (-буквенно) цифровое печатающее (ацпу) — alpha-numerical printer
    -, антенносогласующее (асу) — antenna coupler
    - арифметическое (ау) — arithmetic unit
    -, арретирующее (арретир) — caging device
    -, блокирующее (блокировочное, для отключения и удержания в нерабочем положении оборудования при нарушении его нормальной работы) — lockout /locking-out/ device used to shut down ал@ hold an equipment out of service on occurrence of abnormal conditions.
    -, блокирующее — interlock
    устройство, включаемое срабатыванием другого устройства, находящимся с первым в прямой взаимосвязи, для управления данного или связанного с ним устройств, — а device actuated by operation of some other device with which it is directly associated, to govern succeeding operations of the same or allied devices.
    -, бортовое погрузочное (бпу) — (airborne) cargo handling device
    специальная каретка со стропами, перемещающаяся пo потолочным рельсам в грузовой кабине. — cargo handling device carriage moving along rails in cargo compartment.
    - ввода (в уст-ве ввода и индикации) — insertion device
    - ввода/вывода (увв, для эвм) — input/output device (in-out device)

    transfer of data between the program and input/output devices.
    - ввода и индикации (уви инерциальной навигационной системы) — control display unit (c/du, cdu)
    - вентилятора (гтд), реверсивное — fan reverser
    -, весоизмерительное — balance (for weighing)
    -, взлетно-посадочное (шасси) — landing gear
    -, визуальное сигнальное (аварийной сигнализации) — visual warning device
    - внутрисамолетной связи для техобслуживания — ground service interphone system, ground crew interphone system
    -, входное (двиг.) — engine air inlet section

    it is directly attached to the front flange of the engine.
    - выдержки времени (реле) — time delay relay
    -, выключающее (эл.) — tripping device
    механическое или электромагнитное ус-во для размыкания аэс. — а mechanical or electromagnetic device used for opening (turning off) a circuit breaker.
    -, выпрямительное (ву) — rectifier (rect)
    -, выпрямительное (трансформаторное) (ву) — transformer rectifier unit (tru)
    -, выхлопное (двиг.) — exhaust unit
    -, выходное (двиг. в реактивном сопле за турбиной) — exhaust unit
    -, вычислительное (ву) — computer (cmptr)
    -,вычислительное(системы ссос) — gpws computer
    -,вычислительное,директорное — steering computer command input signals are provided to the steering computer.
    -, вычислительное, канала крена (системы сау) — roll computer
    -, вычислительное, канала курса (сау) — yaw computer
    -, вычислительное, канала тангажа (сау) — pitch computer
    - горизонтирования (гироплатформы) — (platform) levelling unit /device/
    -, девиационное (магнит. компаса) (рис.80) — compass compensator
    -, декодирующее (дешифратор) — decoder
    устройство для декодирования кодовых сигналов. — a device for decoding а series of coded signals.
    -, демпфирующее — damper
    - для воспроизведения записи с магнитной ленты — tape reproducer
    - для выдачи бумажных полотенец — paper towel dispenser
    - для выдачи бумажных салфеток для лица (напр., для удаления косметики) — facial tissue dispenser
    - для выдачи бумажных стаканчиков — paper cup dispenser
    - для выдачи гигиенических пакетов — motion sickness bag dispenser
    - для выдачи гигиенических салфеток — sanitary napkin dispenser
    - для выдачи роликовой туалетной бумаги — toilet tissue roll paper dispenser
    - для записи речи — voice recorder
    устройство для записи переговоров членов экипажа. — that portion of the system used to record crew member conversation.
    - для контейнерной загрузки (ла) — unit load device (uld)
    - для определения отношения давлений (тяги) двигателя, вычислительное — engine pressure ratio computer used to determine engine rating for all modes of operation.
    - для предотвращений возникновения земного резонанса (вертолета) — ground resonance prevention device
    - для тарировки высотомера (см. устройство, тарировочное) — altimeter calibrator
    - для тарировки указателя воздушной скорости (см. устройство, тарировочное) — airspeed calibrator
    - для увеличения подъемной силы — high-lift device
    - для форсирования тяги — thrust augmentor
    - для хранения и выдачи полотенец (в туалете) — towel dispenser
    - для хранения и выдачи салфеток — napkin dispenser
    -, дозирующее — metering device
    -, дозирующее (насоса-регулятора двигателя) — throttle valve
    -, долговременное запоминающее (дзу) (постоянной информации) — permanent data storage unit (pdsu)
    -, загрузочное (в системе управления ла) — load feel unit
    -, задерживающее посадочное — arrester gear
    -, запальное — igniter
    устройство, непосредственно служащее для зажигания топлива (горючей смеси) в камере сгорания. — a device used to ignite fuel/air mixture in combustion chamber.
    -, запоминающее — storage /unit/, memory
    -, запоминающее ("блок памяти") — data storage unit (dsu) used to store information.
    -, запоминающее (блок памяти параметров полета) — flight data storage unit (fdsu)
    -, запоминающее ("память" доплеровского измерителя путевой скорости и сноса) — doppler memory (unit)
    в случае отсутствия подачи сигналов, запоминающее устройство фиксирует последние замеры путевой скорости и сноса ла для выдачи их на индикацию. — under conditions of signal loss, the ground speed and drift indication last measured will continue to be displayed indefinitely.
    -, запорно-редуцирующее — shut-off/pressure reducing valve
    -, защитное (в агрегате, системе) — protection /protective/ device
    -, защитное (снаряжение) — protective device
    защитные очки, маски, резиновые перчатки. — use protective devices, such as goggles, face masks, and rubber gloves.
    - защитное, катапультного кресла — ejection seat guard
    - защиты (эл. сети) — circuit protection device
    - защиты (эл. цепи) от повыщенного (или пониженного) напряжения — overvoltage (or undervoltage) protection device
    - защиты (эл. цепи) от пониженной (или повышенной) частоты — underfrequency (or overfrequency) protection device
    - защиты (эл.) сети, повторного включения — resettable circuit protective /protection/ device
    устройство должно размыкать цепь независимо от положения органов управления (выключателей, переключателей) при перегрузке и неисправности данной цепи. — each resettable circuit protective device must be designed so that, when an overload or circuit fault exists, it will open the circuit regardless of the position of the operating control.
    -, звуковое сигнальное (аварийной сигнализации) — audio warning device
    -, имитирующие — simulator
    устройство, имитирующее систему или явление. — а device which represents а system ог phenomenon.
    - индикации выставки (навигационной системы) — align display unit (adu) panel set mode selector of the adu panel to trim lat, trim long, align nav.
    - индикации и сигнализации углов атаки и перегрузок — angle-of-attack and acceleration indicating/warding system
    -, инициирующее (вызывающее срабатывание пиромеханизмов) — initiator
    - и работа (раздел ртэ) — construction and operation
    -, кодирующее (шифратор) — coder
    -, коммутационное — switching device, switch gear
    электрическое или механическое устройство, служащее дпя включения и/или выключения цепи (системы), — any device or mechanism, either electrical or mechanical, which can place another device or circuit in an operating or nonoperating state.
    -, коммутационное (соединительная или распределительная коробка) — junction box (jb)
    -, коммутирующее (ук, плата для размещения радиоэлементов напр., диодов, резисторов и т.п.) — circuit board
    - контроля — monitor
    -, контрольно-записывающее (типа кз для регистрации высоты, скорости, перегрузки) — altitude, airspeed and acceleration recorder, height-velocity-g recorder (hvg rcdr)
    -, коррекционное (гироскопического прибора) — erection mechanism
    -, ламельное (для приведения штока рулевого агрегата автопилота при выключенных режимах) — switching (contact) device
    -, лекальное (коррекционного механизма) — cam strip
    -, множительное (ум) — multiplier
    -, моделирующее — simulator
    -, монтажное (амортизированная рама, платформа) — shockmount
    -, наборное (частоты арм) — band selector switch
    -, навигационно-вычислительное (нву, навигационный координатор) состав: пу, задатчики зпу и угла карты, планшет, задатчик ветра. — dead-reckoning navigation system (drns) system incorporates: control panel, dtk and chart angle selectors, roller map and wind selector.
    -, навигационное вычислительнoe (доплеровского оборудования) (рис.82) — (doppler) navigation computer the doppler navigator provides outputs of velocity along and across heading to a navigation computer.
    -, навигационное вычислительное, цифроаналоговое — navigation analog-digital computer
    - навигационное, координаторное (типа ану, нву) — dead reckoning navigation system (drns)
    - натяга (ножного) привязного ремня (на катапультном кресле) — (lap) strap /belt/ retractor
    -, обеспечивающее плавучесть сухопутного самолета при аварийной посадке на воду. — flotation gear an emergency gear attached to а landplane to permit alighting on the water, and to provide buoyancy when resting on the surface of the water.
    - обмена — exchange device
    -, оперативное запоминающее (озу) (переменной информации) — random-access memory (ram), working (data) storage unit (wdsu)
    - определения аэродинамических поправок (к показаниям указателя скорости, высотомеров) (уоап) — position error correction (determination) device
    -, осветительное (лампа) — light
    - пеленгаторное — direction finder
    - первого каскада компрессоpa, входное — lp compressor air inlet section
    -, переходное (переходник) — adapter
    -, переходное (наружной подвески - для крепления к пилону) — store adapter shoe
    -, переходное (соединяющее двигатель с удлинительной трубой или трубу с соплом) — transition section
    -, погрузочно-разгрузочное — cargo handling device
    -, подпорное (в гидравлической системе) — intensifier
    - полупроводниковое.-, постоянное запоминяющее (пзу) — semiconductor device read-only memory (rom), permanent storage unit

    computer storage device which retains the stored data indefinitely.
    -, постоянное запоминающее (внешнее) — permanent storage (unit)
    - предотвращающее перекладку рычага управления шасси в убранное положение на земле — landing gear control lever antiretraction device
    -, предохранительное — safety device
    -, предохранительное (напр., колпачок на выключателе) — guard check switch guard down and safetied.
    - предупредительной тряски штурвала при приближении к критическому углу атаки — stick shaker turn off stall warn switch if alpha off light is illuminated to prevent stick shaker action resulting from a false stall warning due to alpha probe icing.
    -, преобразующее (в системе мсрп) — converter
    - приемопеленгаторное — direction-finder receiver
    -, приемопеленгаторное (арк) — direction finder
    -, программное (временное) — timer
    -, противообледенительное — anti-icer, de-icer
    -, противообледенительное воздушно-тепловое — hot air anti-icer
    -, противоюзовое — anti-skid device
    -, пусковое (pc или cc) — missile launcher
    -, пылезащитное (пзу, на воздухозаборник двигателя вертолета) — dust protection device (dust prot)
    -, развязывающее (эл.) — decoupler
    -, раздаточное (см. устройство для выдачи) — dispenser
    -, распределительное — distributor
    -, распределительное (эл. сети) — distribution panel (р)
    -, распределительное (распределительная коробка зл. сети) — junction box (jb)
    -, распределительное (панель азс) (напр. ру25) — circuit breaker panel, св panel, (св pnl, р) (р25)
    - распределительное (эл. шина) — bus
    -, распределительное (положение переключателя ру (шин), напр. ру1,ру2 и т.д.) — bus (1, 2) the bus selector switch is set in bus 1 position.
    -, распределительное (ру, распределительная шина) (рис.91) — distribution bus
    шина, запитываемая от питательной магистрали для дальнейшего распределения электропитания по фидерам и цепям. — а conductor connected to the (supply) mains from which electric power is taken to circuits and/or feeders.
    -, распределительное переменного тока (панель азс) — ac power circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное постоянного тока (панель азс) — dc power circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное хвостового (хру) (панель азс) — tail circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное центральное (цру, панель азс) — main circuit breaker panel, main св panel
    -, распределительное центральное (цру, коробка) — main junction box (mjb)
    -, распределительное, центральное (цру, шина) — main distribution bus
    -, реверсивное (двигателя) — thrust reverser
    устройство для изменения направления тяги двигателя на обратно (рис.53). — a device for redirecting the engine exhaust to an opposite direction.
    -, реверсивное, включено — thrust reverser deployed (reverser dplyd, rvsr dpld)
    при включенном ру продолжать полет на пониженной скорости. — if reverser is deployed, continue (flying) at reduced speed.
    -, реверсивное выключено — thrust reverser stowed (reverser stwd, rvsr stwd)
    при невозможности выключения ру необходимо как можно скорее совершить посадку. — if reverser cannot be stowed, land as soon as practical.
    -, реверсивно-тормозное (рту) комбинация створок реверса тяги и тормозных щитков. — thrust/air brakes
    - реверсирования тяги, основное — primary thrust reverser
    - регистрации, бортовое — (flight data) recorder
    - регистрации звуковой информации в кабине экипажа — cockpit voice recorder (cvr)
    - регистрации высоты прибop для записи (изменений) высоты по времени полета. — altitude /height/ recorder an instrument by which variation in height is recorded against time.
    -, регулировочное — adjusting device, adjuster
    -, рулежно-демпфирующее (передней опоры шасси) — nosewheel steering/damping control valve (and follow-up assembly)
    - самоконтроля (встроенное) — (built-in, integral) self-test feature
    -, самолетное громкоговорящее (сгу) — passenger /public/ address system (pa)
    сгу предназначено для оповещения пассажиров через громкоговорители. — used to make voice announcements to the passengers over cabin loud speakers.
    -, самолетное переговорное (спу) — interphone system int, intph, intercommunication system (ics, intcom)
    оборудование, обеспечивающее связь между членами экипажа внутри самолета и с техническим персоналом на земле. — that portion of the system which is used by flight and ground personnel to communicate between areas on the aircraft.
    -, самолетное переговорное вспомогательное для связи с бортпроводниками и наземным обслуживающим персоналом. — service interphone system
    - самолетное переговорное громкоговорящее (спгу = сгу + спу) — interphone /intercom/ and passenger /public/ address system (int/pa)
    для связи между членами экипажа и обращения к пассажирам через громкоговорители. — used by the crew members to communicate, and to address the passengers over cabin loud speakers.
    - сброса (показаний прибора) — (instrument reading) reset knob
    -, светотехническое (арматура) — light
    - связи (в ацбс) — coupler, coupling device
    -, сигнальное (для подачи сигнала бедствия в случае аварийной посадки) — long-range signaling device
    - смотровое, оптическое — optical viewer
    наблюдение за механическим указателем положения шасси осуществляется посредством смотрового оптического устройства. — the nose gear (mechanical) indicators can be seen through an optical viewer in aft bulkhead.
    -, согласующее (системы регистрации параметров полета) — signal conditioning unit
    -, сопрягающее/сопряжения / (блоков, систем) — interface
    -, сравнивающее (блок сравнения данных) — comparator
    ус-тва и цепь для сравнения информации, поступающей из двух источников. — a device (in computer operations) or circuit for comparing information from two sources.
    -, стопорное (арретирующее) — caging device
    -, стопорное (фиксатор) — lock, latch
    - счисления пути, вычислительное — dead-reckoning computer dr computer outputs are latitude and longitude.
    -, тарировочное (калибратор) — calibrator
    - тарировочное (высотомера) — altimeter calibrator
    устройство для определения инструментальной погрешности высотомера. — an apparatus for measuring the instrument errors of an altimeter.
    -, тарировочное (указателя воздушной скорости) — airspeed calibrator an apparatus for measuring the instrument errors of an airspeed indicator.
    -, термокомпенсационное (напр., трубопровода) — thermal compensator
    -, тормозное (тормоз) — brake
    -, тормозное (специальное) к спец. тормозным устройствам относятся: устройства реверсирования тяги, возд. тормоза, спойлеры, реверсивные возд. винты. — deceleration device special deceleration (or retardation) devices include thrust reversers, air brakes, spoilers, ground fine and reverse pitch propellers.
    -, трансформаторно-выпрямительное (ву) — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, t/r, tru, xfmr-rect)
    - управляющее вычислительное (системы автоматического управления ла) — steering computer
    - усилительно-выпрямительное (уву) — transformer rectifier unit (tru)
    -, форсажное (форсажная камера) — afterburner
    -, форсажное (пд) — augmentor
    выхлопная система пд включает форсажное устройство. — exhaust system for reciproсating engines includes augmentors.
    -, фронтовое, двигателя (между двигателем и удлинительной трубой) — jet pipe transition section
    -, фронтовое, реактивного сопла (между удлинительной трубой и pc) — jet /propelling/ nozzle transition section
    -, центральное распределительное (панель) — main distribution panel
    -, центральное, распределительное (цру, коробка эл. сети) — main junction box (mjb)
    -, центральное распределительное (цру, шина) — main distribution bus
    шина между источником питания и распределительными шинами (рис.91). — a conductor connected between а generating source and distribution busses.
    -, центральное, распределительное (центральный распределительный энергоузел) — main distribution center wires extending from а generator bus to the main distribution center.
    -, цифровое вычислительное — digital computer
    вычислительное ус-во обрабатывающее и выдающее информацию в цифровой форме. — a computer which operates with information represented in а digital form.
    - часового типа (таймер) — timer, clockwork timing device
    -, электромагнитное стопорное (рулевого агрегата автопилота) — solenoid brake
    -, электромеханическое — electromechanical device
    гироскоп является точным электромеханическим устройством. — a gyroscope is а delicate electromechanical device.
    выполнять свою функцию (о защитном у.) — serve its purpose
    срабатывать (о защитном у.) — operate, become actuated, come into action

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > устройство

  • 6 mantener

    v.
    1 to keep.
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition
    mantener una promesa to keep a promise
    mantener la calma to stay calm
    Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.
    Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.
    2 to support (with scaffold, columns).
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3 to support.
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    4 to have (relationships, conversations).
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent
    mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her
    6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.
    Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.
    Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.
    María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.
    Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.
    7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.
    Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (conservar) to keep
    ■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"
    2 (tener) to keep
    ■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"
    3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold
    4 (sustentar) to support, maintain
    5 (afirmación etc) to maintain
    ■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true
    6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep
    1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand
    2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep
    3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself
    4 (alimentarse) to eat, live
    ■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit
    \
    mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret
    mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved
    mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit
    mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing
    mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns
    mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive
    * * *
    verb
    3) hold
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support
    2) (=preservar)
    a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

    "manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

    b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

    • mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

    • mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

    • mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

    raya I, 1)
    3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

    me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

    • al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

    • mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

    • mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

    • mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

    • mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

    calma, distancia
    4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

    ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

    5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

    ¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?

    correspondencia 2)
    6) (=afirmar) to maintain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.
    Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    ----
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

    Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

    * * *
    vt
    A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain
    cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog
    ¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!
    B
    1 (conservar, preservar) to keep
    mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure
    mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order
    para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace
    mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position
    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance
    lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose
    los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power
    todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children
    [ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy
    [ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open
    no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well
    sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive
    C
    1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain
    durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva
    2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep
    D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent
    A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself
    B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit
    lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing
    se mantiene al día she keeps up to date
    siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance
    se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends
    se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute
    C
    (alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food
    se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills
    * * *

     

    mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
    1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
    ‹ amante› to keep
    2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;

    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
    mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
    para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    3

    ‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
    ‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
    ‹ relaciones› to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

    4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;

    la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
    mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
    3 ( alimentarse):

    mantener verbo transitivo
    1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
    mantén la calma, keep calm
    2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
    (una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
    3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
    4 (peso) to support, hold up
    ' mantener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    callarse
    - conchabarse
    - conservar
    - conservarse
    - continuismo
    - escribirse
    - ir
    - hilo
    - línea
    - raya
    - sustentar
    - tener
    - tipo
    - ahuyentar
    - alerta
    - calma
    - correspondencia
    - corriente
    - disciplina
    - flote
    - guardar
    - llevar
    - mantiene
    - mantuve
    - orden
    - preservar
    - sujetar
    English:
    balance
    - bay
    - buoy
    - captive
    - carry on
    - cherish
    - cool
    - fire
    - hold
    - hold off
    - house
    - hygiene
    - image
    - keep
    - keep away
    - keep down
    - keep up
    - maintain
    - order
    - preserve
    - provide for
    - retain
    - secrecy
    - stall
    - support
    - suspense
    - sustain
    - swear
    - track
    - unionist
    - uphold
    - weight-watching
    - white elephant
    - carry
    - clear
    - conduct
    - correspond
    - credit
    - door
    - go
    - head
    - inform
    - occupy
    - peace
    - police
    - provide
    - segregate
    - stand
    - stick
    - struggle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [económicamente] to support;
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    2. [sostener] to keep;
    un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3. [conservar] to keep;
    [ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
    mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;
    mantener la calma to stay calm;
    mantener el orden to keep order;
    mantener la línea to keep one's figure;
    mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;
    mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;
    manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;
    manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;
    es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut
    4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
    [negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
    mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;
    mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb
    5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
    [candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;
    mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up
    2 ( preservar) keep
    4 económicamente support
    5 ( afirmar) maintain
    * * *
    mantener {80} vt
    1) sustentar: to support, to feed
    mantener uno su familia: to support one's family
    2) conservar: to keep, to preserve
    3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain
    mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence
    4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm
    * * *
    1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]
    2. (económicamente) to support
    3. (afirmar) to maintain
    4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

    Spanish-English dictionary > mantener

  • 7 команда

    brigade, command вчт., crew мор., operation, ( судна) hand, instruction, manning, order, command word, control word, instruction word
    * * *
    кома́нда ж.
    1. (преим., но не обязательно) вчт.
    видоизменя́ть кома́нду — modify an instruction
    выбира́ть кома́нду ( из программы) — fetch an instruction (from a program)
    выбира́ть кома́нду (из па́мяти) на, напр. реги́стр кома́нд — fetch an instruction (from memory and place it) in, e. g., the instruction register
    кома́нды выбира́ются (для исполне́ния) в той после́довательности, в кото́рой они́ нахо́дятся в ЗУ — instructions are executed in the sequence they are stored in memory cells
    кома́нда выполня́ется за оди́н маши́нный цикл [такт] — the instruction is executable in one machine phase
    выполня́ть кома́нду — execute an instruction
    задава́ть кома́нду с по́мощью … — specify an instruction by …
    кома́нды мо́гут объединя́ться в многооперацио́нные — instructions are combinable to form a multiple instruction
    кома́нда на (напр. включение, выравнивание и т. п.) — command to (e. g., start, flare, etc.)
    опознава́ть кома́нду — recognize an instruction
    переходи́ть к выполне́нию очередно́й кома́нды — proceed to [take] the next instruction in sequence
    по кома́нде — in response to a command, under a command, by a command, a command causes (something to do or to be done)
    проце́сс счи́тывания начина́ется по кома́нде с ЭВМ — the process of reading is initiated by an instruction from the computer
    пропусти́ть кома́нду — skip an instruction
    трактова́ть кома́нду — treat [interpret] an instruction as …
    кома́нда тре́бует … мкс для своего́ выполне́ния — the instruction is executable in … ms
    2. ( группа людей) crew, gang, party
    авари́йная кома́нда — crash crew, break-down gang; мор. damage control party
    авари́йная, аэродро́мная кома́нда — crash crew
    беза́дресная кома́нда — zero-address instruction
    кома́нда безусло́вного перехо́да — unconditional transfer [jump] instruction
    кома́нда блокиро́вки — ignore [disable] instruction
    кома́нда ветвле́ния — branch instruction
    кома́нда возвра́та — return instruction
    кома́нда вы́хода — exit instruction
    горноспаса́тельная кома́нда — mine rescue crew, mine rescue party
    кома́нда избира́ния — select command
    кома́нда исполне́ния — operate command
    кома́нда контро́льного перехо́да — break-point instruction
    ло́жная кома́нда — false [spurious] command
    маши́нная кома́нда — computer [machine] instruction
    многоа́дресная кома́нда — multiaddress [multiple-address] instruction
    кома́нда назе́много техни́ческого обслу́живания — ground crew
    неве́рная кома́нда — illegal instruction
    неразрешё́нная кома́нда — illegal instruction
    кома́нда обме́на (информа́цией) — exchange instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к носи́телю на бараба́не — drum (reference) instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к носи́телю на ле́нте — tape (reference) instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к па́мяти — memory reference instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к реги́стру — register reference instruction
    кома́нда обслу́живания, аэродро́мная — airfield servicing crew
    одноа́дресная кома́нда — single-address instruction
    кома́нда переда́чи управле́ния — (control) transfer [transfer-of-control] instruction
    кома́нда переполне́ния — overflow instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да — transfer [jump] instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да при невыполне́нии усло́вия — “jump if NOT” [“jump on NOT”] instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да при переполне́нии — “jump on overflow” instruction
    кома́нда про́пуска (напр. одной или нескольких команд) — skip instruction
    ремо́нтная кома́нда — repair gang
    кома́нда сдви́га — shift instruction
    кома́нда сортиро́вки — sort instruction
    кома́нда сравне́ния — compare instruction
    станда́ртная кома́нда — standard instruction
    теку́щая кома́нда — current instruction
    кома́нда телеуправле́ния — telecontrol command
    кома́нда управле́ния — control instruction
    кома́нда управле́ния опера́цией вво́да-вы́вода — input-output [I/ O] instruction
    кома́нда усло́вного перехо́да — conditional transfer [branch] instruction
    холоста́я кома́нда — dummy instruction
    цикли́ческая кома́нда — loop instruction
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > команда

  • 8 recuperar

    v.
    to recover.
    recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time
    recuperó la salud she got better, she recovered
    recuperó la libertad tras diez años en la cárcel he regained his freedom after ten years in prison
    Ellos rescataron el dinero They retrieved the money.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to recover, recuperate, retrieve
    2 (afecto) to win back; (conocimiento) to regain; (salud) to recover; (tiempo, clases) to make up
    1 (disgusto, emoción) to get over (de, -), recover (de, from)
    2 (enfermedad) to recover (de, from), recuperate (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=recobrar)
    a) [+ bienes] to recover; [+ costes, pérdidas, inversión] to recoup, recover

    no recuperamos el dinero robado — we didn't get the stolen money back, we didn't recover the stolen money más frm

    b) [+ credibilidad, poder, libertad, control] to regain; [+ fuerzas] to get back, regain

    al verte recuperó la sonrisa — the smile came back o returned to her face when she saw you

    nunca recuperó la memoria — she never got her memory back, she never regained o recovered her memory

    c) [+ clase, día] to make up
    d) (Inform) to retrieve
    2) (=reutilizar)
    a) [+ edificio] to restore; [+ tierras] to reclaim; [+ chatarra, vidrio] to salvage
    b) [del olvido] [+ artista, obra] to revive; [+ tradiciones] to restore, revive
    3) (Educ) to retake, resit
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/joyas/botín> to recover, get back; < pérdidas> to recoup
    b) < vista> to recover

    recuperar la salud — to get better, recover

    recuperar la confianza en sí mismo — to regain o recover one's self-confidence

    c) ( compensar)
    d) <examen/asignatura> to retake, make up (AmE)
    2.
    recuperarse v pron

    recuperarse DE algo — de enfermedad to recover from something, recuperate from something (frml); de sorpresa/desgracia to get over something, recover from something

    * * *
    = hit, recall, recoup, recover, retrieve, reclaim, effect + retrieval, recuperate, redeem, catch up on, resuscitate, give + a second life, turn + Nombre + (a)round, regain.
    Ex. FIB$3 will hit words where the stem 'FIB' is followed by no more than three characters.
    Ex. Word processing software available for use on mainframe computers, microcomputers and word processors was originally designed for application where it is convenient to be able to store a text, then recall this text, and re-use it with minor modifications, at a later date.
    Ex. If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
    Ex. In order to fulfil this function, the information which is stored in the library must be recovered, or retrieved, from the store.
    Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.
    Ex. The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex. Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex. Competition with superstores has forced them to recuperate sales by focusing on specific areas.
    Ex. Eliot somehow suggests that a mix of blood and electricity might yet redeem the petty materialism of the modern world that he had previously seen only as a wasteland.
    Ex. Non-book materials will need positive discrimination to catch up on the neglect in the past.
    Ex. An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex. This book will show you how to give a second life to everything from plastic containers to bubble wrap to pantyhose and more.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. Once he regained his weight, he began to play like he did in 2006, when he won the tournament.
    ----
    * ayudar a Alguien a recuperarse = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.
    * fácil de recuperar = easily-retrievable.
    * recuperar de = resurrect from.
    * recuperar el aliento = catch + Posesivo + breath.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el prestigio = regain + Posesivo + prestige.
    * recuperar el sentido = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * recuperar gastos = recoup + costs, recoup against + costs.
    * recuperar la confianza = boost + Posesivo + confidence, bolster + confidence.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar la salud = regain + Posesivo + health.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperarse = rally + Reflexivo, find + Posesivo + feet, rebound, pick up, rally, turn + a corner, get + a second wind, get back into + the game, pick up + the pieces.
    * recuperarse de = reel from.
    * recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/joyas/botín> to recover, get back; < pérdidas> to recoup
    b) < vista> to recover

    recuperar la salud — to get better, recover

    recuperar la confianza en sí mismo — to regain o recover one's self-confidence

    c) ( compensar)
    d) <examen/asignatura> to retake, make up (AmE)
    2.
    recuperarse v pron

    recuperarse DE algo — de enfermedad to recover from something, recuperate from something (frml); de sorpresa/desgracia to get over something, recover from something

    * * *
    = hit, recall, recoup, recover, retrieve, reclaim, effect + retrieval, recuperate, redeem, catch up on, resuscitate, give + a second life, turn + Nombre + (a)round, regain.

    Ex: FIB$3 will hit words where the stem 'FIB' is followed by no more than three characters.

    Ex: Word processing software available for use on mainframe computers, microcomputers and word processors was originally designed for application where it is convenient to be able to store a text, then recall this text, and re-use it with minor modifications, at a later date.
    Ex: If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
    Ex: In order to fulfil this function, the information which is stored in the library must be recovered, or retrieved, from the store.
    Ex: Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.
    Ex: The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: Competition with superstores has forced them to recuperate sales by focusing on specific areas.
    Ex: Eliot somehow suggests that a mix of blood and electricity might yet redeem the petty materialism of the modern world that he had previously seen only as a wasteland.
    Ex: Non-book materials will need positive discrimination to catch up on the neglect in the past.
    Ex: An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex: This book will show you how to give a second life to everything from plastic containers to bubble wrap to pantyhose and more.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: Once he regained his weight, he began to play like he did in 2006, when he won the tournament.
    * ayudar a Alguien a recuperarse = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.
    * fácil de recuperar = easily-retrievable.
    * recuperar de = resurrect from.
    * recuperar el aliento = catch + Posesivo + breath.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el prestigio = regain + Posesivo + prestige.
    * recuperar el sentido = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * recuperar gastos = recoup + costs, recoup against + costs.
    * recuperar la confianza = boost + Posesivo + confidence, bolster + confidence.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar la salud = regain + Posesivo + health.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperarse = rally + Reflexivo, find + Posesivo + feet, rebound, pick up, rally, turn + a corner, get + a second wind, get back into + the game, pick up + the pieces.
    * recuperarse de = reel from.
    * recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.

    * * *
    recuperar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹dinero/joyas/botín› to recover, get back; ‹pérdidas› to recoup
    recuperamos las joyas pero no el dinero we got the jewels back o we recovered the jewels but not the money
    por fin recuperé todos los libros que había prestado I finally got back all the books I'd lent out
    2 ‹vista› to recover
    recuperó la salud she got well again, she recovered
    pasé unos días en cama para recuperar fuerzas I stayed in bed for a couple of days to get my strength back
    nunca recuperó la confianza en sí mismo he never regained o recovered his self-confidence
    3
    (compensar): recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time
    el sábado recuperaremos la clase de hoy we'll make up today's lesson on Saturday
    tuve que recuperar los días que estuve enfermo I had to make up (for) the days I was off sick
    4 ‹delincuente› to rehabilitate
    5 ‹examen/asignatura› to retake, to make up ( AmE), to resit ( BrE)
    6 ( Inf) to undelete
    recuperarse DE algo ‹de una enfermedad› to recover FROM sth, get over sth, recuperate FROM sth ( frml); ‹de una sorpresa/una desgracia› to get over sth, recover FROM sth
    ya está recuperado del accidente he has recovered from o got(ten) over the accident
    * * *

     

    recuperar ( conjugate recuperar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹dinero/joyas/botín› to recover, get back;

    ‹ pérdidas› to recoup
    b) ‹vista/salud› to recover;

    ‹ confianza› to regain;



    d) ‹examen/asignatura› to retake, make up (AmE)

    recuperarse verbo pronominal recuperarse DE algo ‹ de enfermedad› to recover from sth, recuperate from sth (frml);
    ‹de sorpresa/desgracia› to get over sth, recover from sth
    recuperar verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to recover, retrieve
    2 (la salud, un sentido, etc) to recover, regain: recuperar las fuerzas, to get one's strength back
    3 (el tiempo) to make up
    4 (una asignatura) to retake
    ' recuperar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amortizar
    - desempeñar
    - reanimarse
    - reivindicar
    - fuerza
    English:
    catch up
    - claw back
    - get back
    - homeland
    - make up
    - recapture
    - reclaim
    - recoup
    - recover
    - regain
    - repossess
    - retrieve
    - snatch back
    - take back
    - win back
    - even
    - get
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [recobrar] [lo perdido] to recover;
    [espacios naturales] to reclaim; [horas de trabajo] to make up; [conocimiento] to regain;
    recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time;
    recuperó la salud she got better, she recovered;
    recuperó la vista she regained her sight, she got her sight back;
    no recuperaron el dinero invertido they didn't get back o recoup the money they invested;
    recuperó la libertad tras diez años en la cárcel he regained his freedom after ten years in prison;
    haremos un descanso para recuperar fuerzas we'll have a break to get our strength back
    2. [rehabilitar] [local, edificio] to refurbish
    3. Informát [información dañada] to recover
    4. [reciclar] to recover
    5. [examen] to retake, Br to resit;
    tengo que recuperar la física en septiembre I have to retake physics in September
    6. [en baloncesto] to steal
    * * *
    v/t
    1 tiempo make up
    2 algo perdido recover, get back
    3 exámen retake, Br
    re-sit
    4 en baloncesto steal
    * * *
    1) : to recover, to get back, to retrieve
    2) : to recuperate
    3) : to make up for
    recuperar el tiempo perdido: to make up for lost time
    * * *
    1. (en general) to recover / to get back
    perdí el monedero, pero al día siguiente lo recuperé I lost my purse, but I got it back the next day
    2. (tiempo, clases) to make up
    3. (examen) to pass a resit

    Spanish-English dictionary > recuperar

  • 9 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 10 Behaviorism

       A person is changed by the contingencies of reinforcement under which he behaves; he does not store the contingencies. In particular, he does not store copies of the stimuli which have played a part in the contingencies. There are no "iconic representations" in his mind; there are no "data structures stored in his memory"; he has no "cognitive map" of the world in which he has lived. He has simply been changed in such a way that stimuli now control particular kinds of perceptual behavior. (Skinner, 1974, p. 84)
       Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its method nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation. (Watson, quoted in Fancher, 1979, p. 319)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Behaviorism

  • 11 Schemata

       Once we have accepted a configuration of schemata, the schemata themselves provide a richness that goes far beyond our observations.... In fact, once we have determined that a particular schema accounts for some event, we may not be able to determine which aspects of our beliefs are based on direct sensory information and which are merely consequences of our interpretation. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 38)
       Through most of its history, the notion of the schema has been rejected by mainstream experimental psychologists as being too vague. As a result, the concept of the schema was largely shunned until the mid-1970s. The concept was then revived by an attempt to offer more clearly specified interpretation of the schema in terms of explicitly specified computer implementations or, similarly, formally specified implementations of the concept. Thus, Minsky (1975) postulated the concept of the frame, Schank and Abelson (1977) focused on the concept of the script, and Bobrow and Norman (1975) and Rumelhart (1975) developed an explicit notion of the schema. Although the details differed in each case, the idea was essentially the same.... Minsky and the others argued that some higher-level "suprasentential" or, more simply, conceptual structure is needed to represent the complex relations implicit in our knowledge base. The basic idea is that schemata are data structures for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata for generalized concepts underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. Roughly, schemata are like models of the outside world. To process information with the use of a schema is to determine which model best fits the incoming information. Ultimately, consistent configurations of schemata are discovered which, in concert, offer the best account for the input. This configuration of schemata together constitutes the interpretation of the input. (Rumelhart, Smolensky, McClelland & Hinton, 1986, pp. 17-18)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Schemata

См. также в других словарях:

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